1.0.1 C语言中(.c)
1. 数据和函数是分开声明的,语言本身没有支持“数据和函数”之间的关联性。
2. 这种程序方法为程序性的,由一组“分布在各个以功能为导向的函数中”的算法驱动,处理共同的外部数据。
3. 例子
typedef struct _point{ int x; int y;}Point;// 定义一个函数void Point_Print(const Point *pd){ printf("%d, %d", pd->x, pd-y);}// 效率更高些的做法#define POINT_PRINT(pd) \ printf("%d, %d", pd->x, pd-y); // 前置处理宏#define SET_VAL(p, xVal) (p.x) = (xVal);
1.0.2 C++语言中(.cpp)
templateclass CPoint{public: CPoint() {} CPoint(type coords[dim]) { for (int idx = 0; idx < dim; idx++) { m_coords[idx] = coords[idx]; } } type& operator[] (int idx) { assert(idx < dim && idx >= 0); return m_coords[idx]; }private: type m_coords[dim];};
1.0.3 C和C++的比较
1. “一个 ADT 或 class hierarchy 的数据封装”比“C程序中程序性地使用全局数据”好。
2. class CPoint 没有增加布局成本。
3. 数据成员和 C 结构体一样,成员函数在class声明中,但不在 object 中。
4. 非内联成员函数只有一个函数实体,而内联成员函数会在使用者上产生一个函数实体。
5. C++ 在布局和存取时间上的主要额外负担,是由 virtual 引起的,包括:
a. virtual function,用以支持一个有效率的“执行期绑定”。
b. virtual base class,用以实现“多次出现在继承体系中的 base class,有一个单一而被共享的实体”。
c. 多重继承下的额外负担,derived class 和其第二,或后继之 base class 的转换。
1.0.4 完整的代码
.h文件
#ifndef _PROJ10_PROJ10_proj10_#define _PROJ10_PROJ10_proj10_//#define C_BETA//#define CPP_BETA_1//#define CPP_BETA_2//#define CPP_BETA_3/**************************************************************/#ifdef C_BETA#includetypedef struct _point3d{ float x; float y; float z;}Point3d;#define X(pt, _x) (pt.x) = (float)(_x);#define Y(pt, _y) (pt.y) = (float)(_y);#define Z(pt, _z) (pt.z) = (float)(_z);#define POINT3D_PRINT(pt) \ printf("(%f, %f, %f)\n", pt.x, pt.y, pt.z);void Point3d_Print(const Point3d& pt3d){ printf("(%f, %f, %f)\n", pt3d.x, pt3d.y, pt3d.z);}#endif // C_BETA/**************************************************************//**************************************************************/#ifdef CPP_BETA_1#include class CPoint3d{ friend std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const CPoint3d& pt);public: CPoint3d(const float& x = 0.0, const float& y = 0.0, const float&z = 0.0) { m_x = x; m_y = y; m_z = z; } ~CPoint3d(void) {} void x(const float& x) { m_x = x; } void y(const float& y) { m_y = y; } void z(const float& z) { m_z = z; } float x(void) const { return m_x; } float y(void) const { return m_y; } float z(void) const { return m_z; }private: float m_x; float m_y; float m_z;};inline std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const CPoint3d& pt){ os << "(" << pt.x() << ", " << pt.y() << ", " << pt.z() << ")" << std::endl; return os;};#endif // CPP_BETA_1/**************************************************************//**************************************************************/// 坐标类型参数化#ifdef CPP_BETA_2#include template class CPoint3d;template std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const CPoint3d & pt);template class CPoint3d{ friend std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const CPoint3d & pt);public: CPoint3d(const type& x = 0.0, const type& y = 0.0, const type&z = 0.0) { m_x = x; m_y = y; m_z = z; } ~CPoint3d(void) {} void x(const type& x) { m_x = x; } void y(const type& y) { m_y = y; } void z(const type& z) { m_z = z; } type x(void) const { return m_x; } type y(void) const { return m_y; } type z(void) const { return m_z; }private: type m_x; type m_y; type m_z;};template std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const CPoint3d & pt){ os << "(" << pt.x() << ", " << pt.y() << ", " << pt.z() << ")" << std::endl; return os;};#endif // CPP_BETA_2/**************************************************************//**************************************************************/// 坐标类型和坐标数目都参数化#ifdef CPP_BETA_3#include #include template class CPoint3d;template std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const CPoint3d & pt);template class CPoint3d{ friend std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const CPoint3d & pt);public: CPoint3d(void) { for (int i = 0; i < dim; ++i) { m_coords[i] = 0; } } CPoint3d(type coords[dim]) { for (int i = 0; i < dim; ++i) { m_coords[i] = coords[i]; } } ~CPoint3d(void) {} inline type& operator[] (const int& idx) { assert(idx < dim && idx >= 0); return m_coords[idx]; } inline type operator[] (const int& idx) const { assert(idx < dim && idx >= 0); return m_coords[idx]; }private: type m_coords[dim];};template std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const CPoint3d & pt){ os << "("; for (int i = 0; i < dim - 1; ++i) { os << pt[i] << ", "; } os << pt[dim - 1] << ")" << std::endl; return os;};#endif // CPP_BETA_3/**************************************************************/#endif //_PROJ10_PROJ10_proj10_
2. .cpp文件
#include "proj1.0.h"int main(void){#ifdef C_BETA Point3d pt; pt.x = 1.0; pt.y = 2.0; pt.z = 3.0; printf("(%f, %f, %f)\n", pt.x, pt.y, pt.z); Point3d_Print(pt); POINT3D_PRINT(pt); X(pt, 1.1); Y(pt, 2.1); Z(pt, 3.1);#endif // C_BETA #ifdef CPP_BETA_1 CPoint3d pt; std::cout << pt;#endif // CPP_BETA_1#ifdef CPP_BETA_2 CPoint3d pt; std::cout << pt;#endif // CPP_BETA_2#ifdef CPP_BETA_3 CPoint3dpt; std::cout << pt;#endif // CPP_BETA_3 return 0;}